Diabetes Mellito is a pathology linked to the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a glucose assimilation process disorder.The violation develops due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of the insulin-the hormone responsible for its processing.In a patient with diabetes, hyperglycaemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a persistent increase in glucose in plasma.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water jump, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals.The disease has a chronic path.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common disorders.It is detected in almost 6% of the world population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of first and second types diabetes patients are different in patients.The first type of illness is detected in young patients under the age of thirty years.The violation of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by the autoimmune genesis.With it, there is a destruction of cell insulin ß.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Very often, epidemic paroti, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some drugs.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the presence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immune cells on the langganes islands of the pancreas causes their death.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when it is interested in over 80% of these cells.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all insulin cells occurs.The level of insulin in the plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not perceive it.There are most of such patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance stands for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.Such patients have diabetes relatives.If both parents suffer from it, the probability of inheritance of the predisposition to him increases to 70%.
- Obesity.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, their sensitivity to insulin decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and a lack of fiber in food, the risk of diabetes has increased.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Serious forms of these diseases: atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in insulin -tissue resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the level of catecholamine and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Take some drugs.The group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive, cytostatic drugs.
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.This disease increases the risk of insulin -tissue resistance.
Consequently, the penetration of glucose into the cells decreases and increases its level in the blood.
Symptoms of diabetes
- insatiable thirst;
- Quick ureation that leads to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increase in fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Minor skin lesions are slowly healed;
- vomit;
- constant nausea;
- The smell of acetone from the patient;
- breathing duties;
- heart beat;
- itching of the skin;
- quick weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reduce visual acuity.
When these signs appear, it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor to test the blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
The pathology, depending on the causes, is divided into different types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with a lack of insulin production in the body.This is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in tissues.Its lack occurs due to damage to the beta cells of the pancreas due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against body tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, serious stress, the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden start.Its symptoms are pronounced, since the cells are quickly found in a state of hunger.A very high level of glucose is detected, often reaches up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered lada diabetes.This is the autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical reduction of insulin in blood and in normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood there is a level in excess of this hormone.The body's cells will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.Insuline develops in patients -resistance.About 90% of all people identified with diabetes are patients with second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among the concomitant diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual beginning.Its symptoms are scarce.The glucose level increases moderately.Antibodies are not detected in pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late appeals to the doctor when complications appeared.
Complications of diabetes
Separate acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require hospitalization hospitalization.These include the following states:
- Hypoglycaemia.In this state, the glucose level is strongly reduced.It occurs with an overdose of insulin, premature meal, physical tension.The patient is hungry, a feeling of shaking in the hands, dizziness, sweating, aggression.So consciousness is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With it, the glucose level is growing.It does not enter cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition occurs with a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion appears, sleepiness.
- Hyperosmular coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood sugar with general dehydration.
- Coma lactot-acidotic.The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular system disorders due to oxygen hunger.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical care.
In late complications, lesions of the vascular and nervous system are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of the blood vessels.It extends to ships of any caliber.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is surprising in the pots of the heart, brain and arteries of the lower ends.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- level of blood sugar;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosilated hemoglobin test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify the complications, an ultrasound scan of the kidneys, the EEG election of the brain, the reoencephalography and the rear vessels of the legs are prescribed.
Diabetes treatment
The execution of the doctor's prescriptions should be observed strictly.Glycemia and pharmacological treatment are carried out with this disease are performed for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
The treatment of pathology implies a decrease in blood sugar, as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevent the development of complications.
Diet for diabetes
Dietotherapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account body weight, age, physical activity level.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of the dishes, should contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you cannot eat |
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* The table presents an incomplete list of products.To fill in a correct and full diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove the products that quickly increase the concentration of blood sugar.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the total calorie content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories expenses.
- A six diet papillary papillaries must be observed.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, only this allows to improve the patient's condition.In a slight form of disease, only the correction of power is bypassed.
It is preferable to use low level foods.They should be rich in proteins, vegetable fibers and food fibers.
Limit products containing a large amount of animal fats, rapid carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol is also prohibited in diabetes.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is carried out according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels systematically control.Insulins are produced in three types: short, prolonged, intermediate action.
The prolonged drug is administered once a day.Conformity to a scheme selected individually for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows to obtain compensation for the disease.
Car level -blood sugar
The car -assignment of the glucose content in the blood is carried out daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do it everywhere - at home and work at a convenient moment.The device helps to process a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, determine the time of insulin and drugs.The measurement reveals hypoglycaemia and helps to maintain the concentration of glucose in normal.
Saharasses
Sugar agents -Sphy in tablets are prescribed for the second type diabetes as added to a diet.These groups are distinguished:
- Derivatives of sulfonilmochevini- stimulate the secretion of pancreatic insulin, facilitate the penetration of glucose in the cells;
- Biguanides- reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alfa-glucosidase inhibitors- slows down the growth of sugar levels, inactivating the enzymes for the absorption of starch;
- Tiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improves the susceptibility of cells to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control the patient's health and conditions in order to avoid serious changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes prevention
Patients with diabetes should be constantly observed with an endocrinologist, will help organize the lifestyle, diet and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes is recommended to increase body resistance to infections and patients with a type II do not allow the development of obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of care, serious complications develop that threaten life.If the symptoms of sugar appear, you need to consult a doctor and do not truly self -level.